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  • Java
    August 13, 2009

Translucent and Shaped Windows in JDK7

Guest Author
Here is another sneak peek at a page that was just completed for the JDK7 update of the Swing tutorial.

Let us know what you think.

-- Sharon Zakhour

How to Create Translucent and Shaped Windows


As of the Java SE 6 update 10 (6u10) release, you can add translucent
and shaped windows to your Swing applications. This functionality,
part of the public AWT package in JDK 7, takes three forms:
  • You can create a window with uniform translucency, where each
    pixel has the same translucency (or alpha) value.
    The following screen shot shows a window with 45% translucency:

    A translucent window

  • You can create a window with per-pixel translucency,
    where each pixel has its own alpha value. With this feature you can,
    for example, create a window that fades away to nothing by defining a gradient
    in the alpha values. The following screenshot shows a
    window with gradient translucency from the top
    (fully translucent) to the bottom (fully opaque):

    A window with per-pixel translucency.

  • You can create a window with any Shape that you can define.
    Shaped windows can be opaque, or can use uniform, or per-pixel translucency.
    The following screen shot shows an oval-shaped window with 30% translucency:

    A oval-shaped window.


This page covers the following topics:

Determining a Platform's Capabilities


Not all platforms support all of these capabilities.
An UnsupportedOperationException exception is thrown when
code attempts to invoke setShape or setOpacity
on a platform that does not support these features.
Therefore, it is best practice to first check
that the platform supports the capability you want to implement.
The GraphicsDevice class provides the
isWindowTranslucencySupported(GraphicsDevice.WindowTranslucency) method that you can use for this purpose. You pass one of three enum
values, defined in
GraphicsDevice.WindowTranslucency, to this method:
  • TRANSLUCENT – The
    underlying platform supports windows with uniform translucency,
    where each pixel has the same alpha value.
  • PERPIXEL_TRANSLUCENT – The
    underlying platform supports windows with per-pixel translucency.
    This capability is required to implement windows that fade away.
  • PERPIXEL_TRANSPARENT – The
    underlying platform supports shaped windows.

The GraphicsConfiguration class also provides the
isTranslucencyCapable method to determine if PERPIXEL_TRANSLUCENT
translucency is supported by the given GraphicsConfiguration
object.
Version note: Translucent and shaped window API was first added to the
JavaSE 6 update 10 release as a private API. This functionality was
moved to the public AWT package in the JDK 7 release. This tutorial
describes the API available in the JDK 7 release. See
JavaSE Release 6 update 10 API for a mapping of the private API in 6u10 to the public API in
the JDK 7 release.

The following code shows how to check for all three capabilities:
import static java.awt.GraphicsDevice.WindowTranslucency.\*;
// Determine what the default GraphicsDevice can support.
GraphicsEnvironment ge =
    GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
GraphicsDevice gd = ge.getDefaultScreenDevice();
boolean isUniformTranslucencySupported =
    gd.isWindowTranslucencySupported(TRANSLUCENT);
boolean isPerPixelTranslucencySupported =
    gd.isWindowTranslucencySupported(PERPIXEL_TRANSLUCENT);
boolean isShapedWindowSupported =
    gd.isWindowTranslucencySupported(PERPIXEL_TRANSPARENT);
Note: None of these capabilities work on windows in full screen mode. Invoking
any of the relevant methods while in full-screen mode causes
an IllegalComponentStateException exception to be thrown.

How to Implement Uniform Translucency


You can easily create a window where each pixel has the same translucency
by invoking the
setOpacity(float) method in the Window class. The float
argument passed to this method should be between 0 and 1, inclusive,
and represents the translucency of the window. The smaller the number,
the more transparent the window. There is also a corresponding
getOpacity method.

The following example creates a window that is 55% opaque (45% translucent).
If the underlying platform does not support translucent windows, the example
exits. The code relating to opacity is shown in bold.

import java.awt.\*;
import javax.swing.\*;
import static java.awt.GraphicsDevice.WindowTranslucency.\*;
public class TranslucentWindow extends JFrame {
    public TranslucentWindow() {
        super("TranslucentWindow");
        setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
        setSize(300,200);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        //Add a sample button.
        add(new JButton("I am a Button"));
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Determine if the GraphicsDevice supports translucency.GraphicsEnvironment ge = 
            GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
        GraphicsDevice gd = ge.getDefaultScreenDevice();
        //If translucent windows aren't supported, exit.if (!gd.isWindowTranslucencySupported(TRANSLUCENT)) {
            System.err.println(
                "Translucency is not supported");
                System.exit(0);
        }
        // Create the GUI on the event-dispatching thread
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                TranslucentWindow tw = new TranslucentWindow();
// Set the window to 55% opaque (45% translucent).tw.setOpacity(0.55f);
// Display the window.
tw.setVisible(true);
    }
        });
    }
}

Note that the button is also affected by the uniform translucency.
Setting the opacity affects the whole window, including any components
that the window contains.

How to Implement Per-Pixel Translucency


Creating a window that uses per-pixel translucency involves defining
alpha values over the rectangular area that the window occupies.
When a pixel's alpha is zero, that pixel is fully transparent.
When a pixel's alpha is 255, that pixel is fully opaque.
When a pixel's alpha is 128, that pixel is 50% translucent, and so on.
An easy way to create a smooth interpolation between alpha values
is to use the
GradientPaint class. The included example uses this approach.

Invoking
setBackground(new Color(0,0,0,0)) on the window causes the software to use the alpha values to
render per-pixel translucency. In fact, invoking
setBackground(new Color(0,0,0,alpha), where alpha
is less than 255, installs per-pixel transparency. So, if you
invoke setBackground(new Color(0,0,0,128)) and do nothing else,
the window is rendered with 50% translucency for each background pixel.
However, if you are creating your own range of alpha values,
you most likely will want an alpha value of 0.

While not prohibited by the public API, you will generally want
to enable per-pixel translucency on undecorated windows. In most
cases, using per-pixel translucency on decorated windows does not
make sense, and can disable the decorations,
or cause other platform-dependent side effects.

To determine if a window is using per-pixel translucency, you can use the
isOpaque method.

An example is included below.
The steps required to implement the example are as follows:

  • Invoke setBackground(new Color(0,0,0,0)) on the window.
  • Create a JPanel instance that overrides the
    paintComponent method.
  • In the paintComponent method, create a
    GradientPaint instance.
    In the included example,
    the top of the rectangle
    has an alpha of 0 (the most transparent) and the bottom has an
    alpha of 255 (the most opaque). The GradientPaint
    class smoothly interpolates the alpha values from the top to the bottom
    of the rectangle.
  • Set the GradientPaint instance as the panel's paint
    method.

Here is the code for the GradientWindow example.
If the underlying platform does not support per-pixel translucency,
this example exits.
The code specifically relating to creating the gradient window
is shown in bold.

import java.awt.\*;
import javax.swing.\*;
import static java.awt.GraphicsDevice.WindowTranslucency.\*;
public class GradientTranslucentWindow extends JFrame {
    public GradientTranslucentWindow() {
        super("GradientTranslucentWindow");setBackground(new Color(0,0,0,0));
        setSize(new Dimension(300,200));
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);JPanel panel = new JPanel() {@Override
            protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
                if (g instanceof Graphics2D) {
                    final int R = 240;
                    final int G = 240;
                    final int B = 240;
                    Paint p =
                        new GradientPaint(0.0f, 0.0f, new Color(R, G, B, 0),
                            0.0f, getHeight(), new Color(R, G, B, 255), true);
                    Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g;
                    g2d.setPaint(p);
                    g2d.fillRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight());
                }
            }
        };
        setContentPane(panel);
        setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
        add(new JButton("I am a Button"));
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Determine what the GraphicsDevice can support.GraphicsEnvironment ge = 
            GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
        GraphicsDevice gd = ge.getDefaultScreenDevice();
        boolean isPerPixelTranslucencySupported = 
            gd.isWindowTranslucencySupported(PERPIXEL_TRANSLUCENT);
        //If translucent windows aren't supported, exit.if (!isPerPixelTranslucencySupported) {
            System.out.println(
                "Per-pixel translucency is not supported");
                System.exit(0);
        }
        JFrame.setDefaultLookAndFeelDecorated(true);
        // Create the GUI on the event-dispatching thread
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                GradientTranslucentWindow gtw = new GradientTranslucentWindow();
// Display the window.
gtw.setVisible(true);
    }
        });
    }
}

Note that the button is not affected by the per-pixel translucency.
Setting the per-pixel translucency affects the background pixels only.
If you want a window that has a uniformly translucent effect on the
background pixels only,
you can invoke setBackground(new Color(0,0,0,alpha))
where alpha specifies your desired translucency.

How to Implement a Shaped Window


You can easily create a shaped window by invoking the
setShape(Shape) method in the Window class. The Shape
passed to the method determines how the window is clipped.
When setting a shape on a window, the window
decorations are not re-formed to the new shape,
so it works best on undecorated windows.

The best practice for setting the window's shape is to
invoke setShape in the componentResized
method of the component event listener. This will ensure that the
shape is correctly calculated for the actual size of the window.
The included example uses this approach.

The following example creates an oval-shaped window with 70%
translucency. If the underlying platform does not support shaped
windows, the example exits. If the underlying platform does not support
translucency, the example uses an opaque window.
You could modify this example to create a shaped window that
also uses per-pixel translucency.

The code relating to shaping the window is shown in bold.

import java.awt.\*;
import java.awt.event.\*;
import javax.swing.\*;
import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D;
import static java.awt.GraphicsDevice.WindowTranslucency.\*;
public class ShapedWindow extends JFrame {
    public ShapedWindow() {
        super("ShapedWindow");
        setLayout(new GridBagLayout());
        // It is best practice to set the window's shape in
        // the componentResized method.  Then, if the window
        // changes size, the shape will be correctly recalculated.addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() {
            // Give the window an elliptical shape.
            // If the window is resized, the shape is recalculated here.@Override
            public void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) {
        setShape(new Ellipse2D.Double(0,0,getWidth(),getHeight()));
            }
        });setUndecorated(true);
        setSize(300,200);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        add(new JButton("I am a Button"));
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Determine what the GraphicsDevice can support.GraphicsEnvironment ge = 
            GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
        GraphicsDevice gd = ge.getDefaultScreenDevice();
        final boolean isTranslucencySupported = 
            gd.isWindowTranslucencySupported(TRANSLUCENT);
        //If shaped windows aren't supported, exit.if (!gd.isWindowTranslucencySupported(PERPIXEL_TRANSPARENT)) {
            System.err.println("Shaped windows are not supported");
            System.exit(0);
        }
        //If translucent windows aren't supported, 
        //create an opaque window.
        if (!isTranslucencySupported) {
            System.out.println(
                "Translucency is not supported, creating an opaque window");
        }
        // Create the GUI on the event-dispatching thread
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                ShapedWindow sw = new ShapedWindow();
// Set the window to 70% translucency, if supported.
if (isTranslucencySupported) {
    sw.setOpacity(0.7f);
}
// Display the window.
sw.setVisible(true);
    }
        });
    }
}

JavaSE Release 6 Update 10 API


Changing public API in an update release is not allowed,
so when the translucent and shaped windows capability was added
to the JavaSE 6u10 release, it was implemented in the private
com.sun.awt.AWTUtilities class. For the JDK7 release,
this functionality was moved to the public AWT package.
The following table shows how the private methods map to the
public methods.

summary="This table shows what the translucent and shaped
windowfunctionality in 6u10 maps in JDK 7.
cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0">


Method in JavaSE 6u10JDK 7 Equivalent
AWTUtilities.isTranslucencySupported(Translucency)GraphicsDevice.isWindowTranslucencySupported(WindowTranslucency)
AWTUtilities.isTranslucencyCapable(GraphicsConfiguration)GraphicsConfiguration.isTranslucencyCapable()
AWTUtilities.setWindowOpacity(Window, float)Window.setOpacity(float)
AWTUtilities.setWindowShape(Window, Shape)Window.setShape(Shape)
AWTUtilities.setWindowOpaque(boolean)Window.setBackground(Color) –
passing new Color(0,0,0,alpha) to this method,
where alpha is less than 255,
installs per-pixel translucency.

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