Jason's Blog on Oracle Modernization Solutions

I wanted to take the opportunity during the run up to Open World to get some of the Modernization Sessions out there on the blog.

We are seeing quite a lot of rehosting activity in the world today and I think this is going to be a great session. Personally, much of my time spent in Latin America has been around rehosting projects.

Here is the blurb from the site. Mark Rakhmilevich is the Tux Product Manager for the rehosting side and will be giving this session.

Date Tuesday, October 13
Time 13:00-14:00
Venue Marriott Salon 7
This presentation explores the key success factors learned from many mainframe modernization projects. It presents proven transformation architecture for rehosting mainframe applications and data, describes Oracle solutions for proven mainframe cost reductions, explores SOA integration options and considerations when SOA-enabling rehosted applications, and explains project methodology commonly used for risk mitigation in these projects. Come learn how customers generate substantial cost savings to re-balance IT budget towards innovation and new development, while leveraging invalueable business logic and data in mainframe application assets.

Hey Folks
Sue Harper is about to release a book on SQL Developer with PacktPublishing.
Btw---and another shameless plug..they are the same publisher who did our book on Modernization

Anyway, back to Susan's book. This is good stuff. With more folks getting their knowledge on with SQL Developer will enable more and more migrations...which is good.

Here are the highlights...(taken from the publisher's site)

* Build complex queries based on a number of tables using visual Query Builder
* Assess the health of your database, data structure of your application, and data in that application with built-in as well as user-defined reports
* Create, compile, and debug PL/SQL code and explore some useful features available to facilitate writing PL/SQL code
* Integrate your SQL Developer with open source version control systems CVS and Subversion, which allow checking out of files from a repository, editing, and checking them back in
* Enter and execute your SQL, PL/SQL, and SQL*Plus statements with the SQL Worksheet interface
* Produce easily replicable scripts that copy and move data from one database instance to another, or from one schema to another
* Create advanced database connections using a variety of connection and authentication types available for Oracle as well as non-Oracle databases
* Create, review, and update database schema designs with SQL Developer Data Modeler
* Augment your environment with features that are specific to your needs by extending your SQL Developer with XML structured user-defined extensions
* Monitor and manage your Application Express applications by integrating with SQL Developer
* Set up an easy and quick migration environment for your database schema by using the migration repository

* Browse and review non-Oracle databases, before using the migration environment to migrate and consolidate databases on the Oracle platform

Anyway...go pre-order!

I wanted to follow up on a few ideas from an earlier post and talk a bit more about how practically to move these kinds of datastores (Sybase) and what tools you have available to do this.

SQL Developer Migration Workbench

Oracle has recently released a newly resigned migration work bench. We've had the Migration Workbench around for years, but now it is integrated into SQL Developer. So, now we can have an integrated, repository based way to migrate various 3rd party databases, including MS Access, SQL Server, MYSql and Sybase.

What's cool about the SQL Developer Migration Workbench

The Modernization Team is quite busy with these migrations right now so we are putting the tool through the paces. What's cool about this tool is that it is built upon YEARS of experience moving these data stores. Barry and his team in Ireland have been at this tool for years. It has evolved from the old Migration Workbench (Which you can still use for Informix and DB2).

The automation rate for Schemas and Triggers is quite high. Usually when me or one of my team mates are doing an on-site discovery (which is something that Oracle Modernization can do for you at no cost to help you create a roadmap to modernization...be it from SYBASE or the mainframe...drop me a line to know more) we are able to covert the schemas on the spot.

The Stored Procedures are supported to a very high degree as well. The biggest part of these migrations are around testing. That is a large percentage of the project. Yes, of course you will have to modify the source code to call Oracle instead of Sybase, but that can be done at a pretty automated rate with scripting tools. Again, it comes down to testing.

Did I mention the tool is free? Cool eh?

If you are looking for a step by step guide take a look here
This is a great resource from how-to's to even some ways to estimate.

Again, drop me a line if you want some more specifics on a project you are working on.

I have been looking over my blog entries and realized that I have a few unpublished for the Re-arch series.

So...let's pick back up in our legacy modernization deep dive on mainframe re-architecture (or re-engineering...etc . It goes by many names)
We cover this a lot in the book

If you need a review click here for Mainframe and Legacy Modernization Part 1 and Part 2

Technical Considerations for a Legacy Modernization Re-architecture Effort
As with any project there are considerations that must be made that drive how the project will be structured and executed. These depend upon the system requirements and resources available. Below are a few things that we've found are key technical considerations in a modernization

Subject Matter Experts "Don't Try This at Home
Access to SMEs from the legacy system can be one of the single largest factors contributing to success or failure of a modernization project. Many tool vendors provide understanding tools that can map data and logic, but these tools cannot always reveal context, user processing, business rules and other intangibles. Often there is no documentation to assist in the uncovering of business rules and the SME can provide valuable insight into where this knowledge is hidden.

If the team does not have access to a Legacy SME, it is critical that test harnesses are carefully crafted so that testing can happen early and often during the modernization process. Its critical to engage end users early and maintain the engagement through the development, validation, deployment process in order to ensure the new system being implemented meets the needs.

Risk of Modernization
A key issue of large scale modernization of a system that is an integral part of the business is to manage the risk of modernization on the current day to day operations. Many business that rely on their computing infrastructure for day-to-day operations have very low tolerance of disruptions to business as a result of downtime, data integrity issues or customer service issues. A rigorous modernization strategy involving validation, insertion and recovery actions for potential failures is necessary. Key stake holders within the company, who are impacted by the modernization, should be engaged in defining the validation and modernization strategy. For projects involving large scale system modernizations, phased modernization strategies, where business functions are transitioned from the legacy system to the newer system in phased manner, provide the best risk mitigation strategy. However, this may require some upfront investment in creating insulation middleware - such as web-services enabled Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) layer - to hide the back-end systems from the end user visible user interfaces.

System Performance
A key risk of change is impact on reliability, availability and performance of the capabilities provided by the system. Modern systems based on mainstream operating systems (Linux/Windows) are designed with distributed component models with an extensible, customizable framework as the core engine, and typically partitioned with 3 or more tiers (User Interface (UI), Business Logic, Data Base (DB)) . Performance of such a system is very dependent on data cardinality (amount of data objects stored in the system) and work load (number of concurrent users, type of usage). A detailed end user usage profile (data cardinality, users, and transaction types) should be analyzed and validated, and the system should be tuned to meet required performance specifications. A successful implementation requires upfront rigor in defining key usage patterns and performance targets service level agreements (SLA), and ensuring the system is tuned to meet these targets prior to deployment.

Usability/Training

While a modernization project is usually driven by goals to achieve cost reductions and performance, the end users that interact with the system are the final judges of the success of the implementation. Users that have deep entrenched knowledge of how the current legacy system behaves would need to have upfront training on mapping their usage (how to get the job done) with the new system. In the case of a system deployed to a large number of users, upfront usability studies must be done to ensure that the new system user interface meets the efficiency goals of the users (number mouse clicks, key board touches) to perform a task when compared to the existing system.

Next entry will be a look at Re-Hosting vs Re-Architecture

Hey Guys:
I like to post case study's that we've done with our customers and partners to keep the information flowing about the reality of modernization. Often, when we talk with customers, it is viewed as a bit of a science experiment. It is being done all the time on a grand scale.

Government/Public Sector is a place that is keeping me quite busy these days. The following a is great webcast and white paper that my boss (Lance Knowlton, VP of Modernization) did with Forrester and Accenture recently.

It is important to keep the reality check going and see that modernizatin is going on all the time, and in the big enterprise. It's is why I'm on a plane every week helping customers get to where they need to go!

So, check out the following white paper and web cast. Good stuff.

WebCast http://www.computerworld.com/html/webcasts/custom/oracle/modernizing_it/

White Paper http://www.computerworld.com/action/whitepapers.do?command=viewWhitePaperDetail&contentId=9132285

Here is the White Paper Abstract:
As IT budgets are slashed, IT management pressures rise and legacy systems linger in government organizations, modernizing the IT infrastructure and applications has never been so important. Find out how government IT organizations can modernize IT to become more efficient and offer better services to the public while keeping upgrade costs low.

I've been working quite a bit of Sybase, SQL Server and Adabas Natural migration lately, so we can talk a bit about those in the next blogs.

SOA Enablement and Integration of the Mainframe is a topic which is taking a lot of my time these days. Everyone wants to Integrate in the real time with IMS, DB2, Adabas and other systems to Oracle. Also, (like we mention in the book) this is also a great way to open up mainframe processes for BPEL Orchestration.

So, let me take some time to promote an event that HP is doing in Vegas in June. My partner in crime Tom Laszewski, is giving a session called Service Orientated Mainframe Modernization using Oracle Fusion Middleware (ession ID:3007 / Title: Service Orientated Mainframe Modernization using Oracle Fusion Middleware)

Tom works in PTS (Platform Technology Solutions) with me on the Modernization team at Oracle. He is our resident guru on all things SOA, and you don't want to miss this. He'll talk about real-world SOA Enablement projects from Data, Business and UI Tier integration.

In the world of Modernization, there are many options. It isn't just COTS, Rehost or Re-write. They are all valid citizens on the world of Modernization. SOA Enablement is one that I see quite a lot and is sometimes (more often than not) a first step in any modernization, and is usually done along side any option you choose.

So...go.

I was recently visiting a customer in Latin America discussing what a target architecture would look like given that some of the code would migrate over 'as-is' in Cobol, and some new work would be done in Java, while at the same time, the 'new' system would need to integrate with existing mainframe technologies.

This is a combination of both WebLogic (for Java) and Tuxedo (for the rehosted Cobol) as well as our SOA Stack for integration and new Business Processes. Below is an excellent slide that Mark Rakhmilevich recently provided on what this target stack looks like.

You can see in this picture, we have the various layers all built on 11g Grid Technology.
The Oracle technology stack starts with the database grid, which is the cornerstone for data management. The next layer up is Application Infrastructure comprised of Oracle Tuxedo and WebLogic, which are two application platforms in OFM that host business logic – Tuxedo hosts re-hosted COBOL and C/C++ and WebLogic hosts Java for extended services, new components, etc. Both provide high degree of SOA capabilities and integrate with the Oracle SOA Suite technologies shown in the Services Infrastructure layer, and standards-based service networks. These technologies together enable re-host, expose, re-architect, extend, and re-use approach that we've gone over in this blog.

If you need to explore more on Oracle Modernization, you can search this blog or take a look at www.oracle.com/goto/modernization

I am very excited about the recent press release done by our partner, DataDirect.
Oracle Modernization recently worked with DataDirect and Md to integrate OBIEE with the legacy mainframe to IMS. This was a classic example of heterogeneous data sources that were giving reports 24 hours + old because you had to wait for the batch run, cram it into Excel, pull stuff from Oracle, Access and others. With Real Time data access, we were able to quickly stand up a great BI solution that was accessing mainframe data and integrate that with many (any) other data sources.

Here is the reprint of the PR.
State of Maryland Stays Ahead of Criminals with New Law Enforcement Dashboard from Oracle and DataDirect Technologies

BEDFORD, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--DataDirect Technologies, the unparalleled leader in data connectivity and mainframe integration and an operating company of Progress Software Corporation (NASDAQ: PRGS), today announced that the State of Maryland Governor’s Office of Crime Control and Prevention (GOCCP) and Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (DPSCS) is using DataDirect® Shadow® with Oracle® Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition as an essential technology solution behind its Law Enforcement Dashboard.

Commissioned by Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley, the Law Enforcement Dashboard is used by the State of Maryland’s law-enforcement personnel and agencies to lookup the criminal history of defendants and offenders. Prior to the creation of the Dashboard, the state had separate databases for its Division of Corrections, Division of Parole, State Police Gun Registry and Sex Offender Registry – each with its own sign-on requirements and search criteria for information retrieval. This made cross-referencing systems and confirming identification and criminal history information a complex and time consuming task. Recognizing the existing infrastructure hindered the state’s law enforcement activities, Governor O’Malley directed the GOCCP to collaborate with the DPSCS to create a single view of people’s criminal backgrounds.

Because the State of Maryland’s law enforcement data exists across multiple databases and platforms, DPSCS sought a tool that would simplify the data mining and querying of each database. They chose the Oracle Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition to provide the BI platform and Web portal for the Law Enforcement Dashboard. Secondly, they needed a middleware tool that could provide standards-based access to mainframe data in real-time as opposed to warehousing the data. DataDirect Shadow was selected because of its ability to provide direct SQL access to the data stored in legacy Information Management Systems (IMS) and Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) databases. DataDirect Shadow helped lower the latency time of the joint solution through its ability to transform non-relational mainframe data into a relational format compatible with the Oracle BI platform – thus eliminating the need for a data repository.

“We did not want to pull dedicated IT and development resources away from existing projects by requiring system owners to write interfaces or standard APIs for various applications,” said Ron Brothers, CIO of DPSCS’s Information Technology and Communications Division. “DataDirect Shadow allowed us to deal with multiple databases on multiple platforms in an easy and intuitive fashion. The low latency and high performance delivered by the Shadow product and the robust functionality of the Oracle BI platform helped reduce project costs and tap into the full potential of the information available.”

The foundation of the Law Enforcement Dashboard includes high performance, call-level interfaces to data on the mainframe and other databases that feed directly into the Oracle BI solution and Web portal. With DataDirect Shadow in place, the underlying mainframe-data mapping is transparent to the developer who simply codes standard SQL calls. Prior to the creation of the Law Enforcement Dashboard, response times for each queried database averaged upwards of six minutes. With the combined Oracle and DataDirect Technologies’ solution implemented, response time has dropped 90 percent, averaging just seconds, even though results are still coming from multiple databases across various state agencies and departments.

“By working together early in this project, Oracle and DataDirect Technologies were able to architect a solution that best met the State of Maryland’s business needs,” said Lance Knowlton, vice president of Oracle Modernization Solutions. “Data consolidation including real-time SQL access to mainframe assets using Oracle and DataDirect Shadow technology is a low-cost modernization solution with a quick time to market.”

“With the increasing role of IT in law enforcement and the considerable presence of mainframe systems in use, organizations are seeking innovative middleware technology to simplify the complexity of mainframe integration and make better use of existing assets,” said John Goodson, vice president and general manager of DataDirect Technologies. “The State of Maryland’s Law Enforcement Dashboard will undoubtedly be an example for other criminal justice organizations to follow. DataDirect is proud to have been involved with the project and in helping law enforcement analyze crime data in real-time to make better, informed decisions.”

DataDirect Technologies is a member of the Oracle PartnerNetwork, Oracle’s global business network of more than 20,000 companies who deliver innovative software solutions based on Oracle software.

About DataDirect Technologies

DataDirect Technologies is the software industry’s only comprehensive provider of software for connecting the world’s most critical business applications to data and services, running on any platform, using proven and emerging standards. Developers worldwide depend on DataDirect® products to connect their applications to an unparalleled range of data sources using standards-based interfaces such as ODBC, JDBC™ and ADO.NET, XQuery and SOAP. More than 300 leading independent software vendors and thousands of enterprises rely on DataDirect Technologies to simplify and streamline data connectivity for distributed systems and to reduce the complexity of mainframe integration. DataDirect Technologies is an operating company of Progress Software Corporation (NASDAQ: PRGS). For more information, visit www.datadirect.com.

DataDirect and Shadow are trademarks or registered trademarks of Progress Software Corporation or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. Java and all Java based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Any other trademarks contained herein are the property of their respective owners.

I am very excited about the recent press release done by our partner, DataDirect.
I worked on this project with them to integrate OBIEE with the legacy mainframe to IMS. This was a classic example of heterogeneous data sources that were giving reports 24 hours + old because you had to wait for the batch run, cram it into Excel, pull stuff from Oracle, Access and others. With Real Time data access, we were able to quickly stand up a great BI solution that was accessing mainframe data and integrate that with many (any) other data sources.

Here is the reprint of the PR.
State of Maryland Stays Ahead of Criminals with New Law Enforcement Dashboard from Oracle and DataDirect Technologies

BEDFORD, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--DataDirect Technologies, the unparalleled leader in data connectivity and mainframe integration and an operating company of Progress Software Corporation (NASDAQ: PRGS), today announced that the State of Maryland Governor’s Office of Crime Control and Prevention (GOCCP) and Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (DPSCS) is using DataDirect® Shadow® with Oracle® Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition as an essential technology solution behind its Law Enforcement Dashboard.

Commissioned by Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley, the Law Enforcement Dashboard is used by the State of Maryland’s law-enforcement personnel and agencies to lookup the criminal history of defendants and offenders. Prior to the creation of the Dashboard, the state had separate databases for its Division of Corrections, Division of Parole, State Police Gun Registry and Sex Offender Registry – each with its own sign-on requirements and search criteria for information retrieval. This made cross-referencing systems and confirming identification and criminal history information a complex and time consuming task. Recognizing the existing infrastructure hindered the state’s law enforcement activities, Governor O’Malley directed the GOCCP to collaborate with the DPSCS to create a single view of people’s criminal backgrounds.

Because the State of Maryland’s law enforcement data exists across multiple databases and platforms, DPSCS sought a tool that would simplify the data mining and querying of each database. They chose the Oracle Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition to provide the BI platform and Web portal for the Law Enforcement Dashboard. Secondly, they needed a middleware tool that could provide standards-based access to mainframe data in real-time as opposed to warehousing the data. DataDirect Shadow was selected because of its ability to provide direct SQL access to the data stored in legacy Information Management Systems (IMS) and Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) databases. DataDirect Shadow helped lower the latency time of the joint solution through its ability to transform non-relational mainframe data into a relational format compatible with the Oracle BI platform – thus eliminating the need for a data repository.

“We did not want to pull dedicated IT and development resources away from existing projects by requiring system owners to write interfaces or standard APIs for various applications,” said Ron Brothers, CIO of DPSCS’s Information Technology and Communications Division. “DataDirect Shadow allowed us to deal with multiple databases on multiple platforms in an easy and intuitive fashion. The low latency and high performance delivered by the Shadow product and the robust functionality of the Oracle BI platform helped reduce project costs and tap into the full potential of the information available.”

The foundation of the Law Enforcement Dashboard includes high performance, call-level interfaces to data on the mainframe and other databases that feed directly into the Oracle BI solution and Web portal. With DataDirect Shadow in place, the underlying mainframe-data mapping is transparent to the developer who simply codes standard SQL calls. Prior to the creation of the Law Enforcement Dashboard, response times for each queried database averaged upwards of six minutes. With the combined Oracle and DataDirect Technologies’ solution implemented, response time has dropped 90 percent, averaging just seconds, even though results are still coming from multiple databases across various state agencies and departments.

“By working together early in this project, Oracle and DataDirect Technologies were able to architect a solution that best met the State of Maryland’s business needs,” said Lance Knowlton, vice president of Oracle Modernization Solutions. “Data consolidation including real-time SQL access to mainframe assets using Oracle and DataDirect Shadow technology is a low-cost modernization solution with a quick time to market.”

“With the increasing role of IT in law enforcement and the considerable presence of mainframe systems in use, organizations are seeking innovative middleware technology to simplify the complexity of mainframe integration and make better use of existing assets,” said John Goodson, vice president and general manager of DataDirect Technologies. “The State of Maryland’s Law Enforcement Dashboard will undoubtedly be an example for other criminal justice organizations to follow. DataDirect is proud to have been involved with the project and in helping law enforcement analyze crime data in real-time to make better, informed decisions.”

DataDirect Technologies is a member of the Oracle PartnerNetwork, Oracle’s global business network of more than 20,000 companies who deliver innovative software solutions based on Oracle software.

About DataDirect Technologies

DataDirect Technologies is the software industry’s only comprehensive provider of software for connecting the world’s most critical business applications to data and services, running on any platform, using proven and emerging standards. Developers worldwide depend on DataDirect® products to connect their applications to an unparalleled range of data sources using standards-based interfaces such as ODBC, JDBC™ and ADO.NET, XQuery and SOAP. More than 300 leading independent software vendors and thousands of enterprises rely on DataDirect Technologies to simplify and streamline data connectivity for distributed systems and to reduce the complexity of mainframe integration. DataDirect Technologies is an operating company of Progress Software Corporation (NASDAQ: PRGS). For more information, visit www.datadirect.com.

DataDirect and Shadow are trademarks or registered trademarks of Progress Software Corporation or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. Java and all Java based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Any other trademarks contained herein are the property of their respective owners.

Don't forget to see the entry about Open World in Latin America!

So we pick up with Part Two...Mainframe Legacy Re-Architecture...and some of the technical considerations of this.

IT/Technical Drivers and Considerations

When the business considers re-architecting their entire platform there are a common set of drivers that are behind many, if not all modernization projects. Earlier in the book we’ve examined a few of the modernization options like SOA enablement and platform modernization. With the rearchitecture strategy, there are some key technical drivers that we are trying to accomplish that are unique to this method. Below, we will examine a few of those areas.

Get off the mainframe

There is a large push by organizations to get off the mainframe. This push is more often than not a function actual application that is running on the mainframe instead of the lack of ability in the hardware itself. As we observed previously, the IBM Z platform can run any open system technology that organizations are able deploy on a given white box Unix/Linux system.

The problem exists when confronted with the COBOL (or other legacy code base) applications. The architects and trusted advisors of the target architectures do not have knowledge or experience in the legacy mainframe environment. Combine the cultural shift with with the high costs of mainframe hardware, operating system and third party applications for things like tape management, monitoring and integration, one can see why this trend is continuing in many sectors. If an organization fully eliminates the need for Z/OS by creating a new architecture built upon say a J2EE architecture, it is much easier to find system admins who can run non-mainframe system, and if there are no more legacy applications that need to be maintained, then a build-out approach usually generates the lower TCO.

One of the main hindrances to leaving the mainframe up until this point has been one of Quality of Server. Traditionally, nothing could compare to the reliability and throughput of the mainframe. However, times have now changed. From the perspective of availability and reliability, products like Oracle’s Real Application Clusters can provide the availability off the mainframe across the computing grid. So, now with the off-mainframe option being able to deliver mainframe quality of service, we are seeing a larger push for this path.

Another push to get off the mainframe is when the organization faces a “burning-platform” situation. The mainframe system they are running is out of support, or coming off support in the near future. So, now we are again confronted with the actual problem of how to migrate off the platform.

Create a flexible, adaptable and 100% agile architecture
The idea of re-architecture implies that the system will be totally different from the original. Just as ain any ground up development effort, here we are looking to leverage the latest in technologies and development frameworks. The objective here isn’t to refactor, or remediate the legacy code and redeploy it in a polished up mode, but rather totally change the make up of the entire system. The only resemblance of the original is that we’ve leveraged the original business rules (that we desires) as well as legacy data, which has also probably been restructured as well.

The point here is the a modernization effort that is only doing a refactoring of legacy structure, but not leverage any new technologies or delivery platforms is probably not a true re-architecture. For example, let’s thing about an average Cobol program. Say this program is 50,000 lines long, does some data interaction, screen inputs, program calls and cleanup. It also probably contains some dead code, and code that was not very well written. The idea leveraging new technologies, would take this beyond transforming this simply into Java. I would even argue, that cleaning up the dead code, and abstracting data an screen logic isn’t enough. A true re-architecutre will examine the function of this code base. Determine things like if it is doing event orchestration, or business rule execution. If so, it would probably not be a good candidate for POJO (Plane Old Java), but rather BPEL, ESB’s or a business rule engine.

Advanced Development Tools

With the recent push of the open systems movement, there are a plethora of tools to enable organizations to develop and maintain applications. Users can take advantage of free IDE’s, open standard execution languages like BPEL and modeling languages like UML. With the pervasive and growing culture of open standards, this given the organization more choices. With choices comes competition of products and ideas. So, now, instead of only have one language, one set of tools and one cost model, we can utilize the growing and more efficient universe of Open Systems. Of course, it isn’t more efficient and cheaper by definition. We do need to apply thought and intelligence in how we choose to deploy. This is one of the compelling reasons for Re-architecture. We can now leverage a host of tools, environments and standards to take our legacy assets foreword into the futures.

Next Stop...REHOST vs RE-ARCH